In 1952 Virginia Apgar, a physician at the Sloane Women?s Hospital in New York City, New York, created the Apgar score as a method of evaluating newborn infants? health to determine if they required medical intervention. The score included five separate categories, including heart rate, breathing rate, reaction to stimuli, muscle activity, and color. An infant received a score from zero to two ...

members of the tribe scaurini billberg, 1820, have been systematically studied by solier (1838), reitter (1914), koch (1935, 1958), peyerimhoff (1948), español (1954, 1960), antoine (1953, 1954), kocher (1958, 1964), reymond (1956 a, 1956 b) and labrique (1992, 1995 a, 1995 b, 1995 c, 2001, 2004, 2006). the tribe is recorded from the mediterranean region, south africa (koch 1958), usa: californ...