p21 historically has been considered a tumor suppressor since first studies showed that p21-/-mice display spontaneous tumor formation after 16 months and additionally these mice are more sensitive to chemically induced carcinogenesis [1,2]. On the contrary, recently a potential function as an oncogene has been described for p21. For instance mice deficient for p53 spontaneously develop multipl...

Besides activating NFκB by phosphorylating IκBs, IKKα/IKKβ kinases are also involved in regulating metabolic insulin signaling, the mTOR pathway, Wnt signaling, and autophagy. How IKKβ enzymatic activity is targeted to stimulus-specific substrates has remained unclear. We show here that NEMO, known to be essential for IKKβ activation by inflammatory stimuli, is also a specificity factor that di...

There is an error in the first sentence and fourth paragraph of the Introduction. The following sentence is incorrect: Optineurin (tineurin (TE.DATA the MAVS-TRAOptn), also called NRP (NEMO-related protein) or FIP-2 (adenovirus E3-14.7K-interacting protein) exhibits 53% of sequence similarities with NEMO [28, 29]. The correct sentence is: Optineurin (“optic neuropathy inducing” or Optn), also c...

The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is essential for immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) is a scaffolding component of the IkappaB kinase complex required for NF-kappaB activation in vitro. Because NF-kappaB activation is involved in B cell development and function, we set out to determine whether NEMO is required for these processes. N...

The transcription factor c-Myc has been previously shown to be phosphorylated and stabilized by NEMO through direct interaction in the nucleus. Here, we show that NEMO induces up-regulation of the c-Myc target protein, γ-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (γ-GCS), leading to an increase of intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels and simultaneous enhancement of redox-controlling capacity. NEMO enhanced...

Drosophila Nemo is the founding member of the Nemo-like kinase (Nlk) family of serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in several Wnt signal transduction pathways. Here we report a novel function for Nemo in the inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Genetic interaction studies demonstrate that nemo can antagonize BMP signaling and can inhibit the expression of BMP...

Central to NF-κB signaling pathways is IKKγ/NEMO, a regulatory subunit of the cytoplasmic IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which undergoes various posttranslational modifications, specifically phosphorylation, to regulate its function. Furthermore, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) FADD-like interleukin-1β (IL-1β) converting enzyme (FLICE) inhibitory protein (vFLIP) activates the NF-κB si...

With the growing development of Different Access Technology Type (DATT), a serving Mobile Router (MR) is capable to connect with multiple interfaces concurrently during handoff among DATT. Correspondingly, a shared prefixbased based flow movement in multihomed Network Mobility (NEMO) can be achieved in order to transfer real time application flows among the most appropriate Access Technology Ty...

The concept of combining MANET and NEMO protocols in order to optimally support Nested NEMO scenarios is a relatively new idea that is attracting a lot of attention within the IETF NEMO WG. This combination has been termed MANEMO, which until now has stood to describe the process of running a MANET protocol between local Mobile Networks in a Nested NEMO topology, to optimise local packet delive...

IKBKG/NEMO gene mutations cause an X-linked, dominant neuroectodermal disorder named Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP). Located at Xq28, IKBKG/NEMO has a unique genomic organization, as it is part of a segmental duplication or low copy repeat (LCR1-LCR2, >99% identical) containing the gene and its pseudogene copy (IKBKGP). In the opposite direction and outside LCR1, IKBKG/NEMO partially overlaps G6PD...