This paper describes and evaluates an automated riverflow forecasting system for the prediction of peak flows during the cool season of 1998–99 over six watersheds in western Washington. The forecast system is based on the Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (Penn State–NCAR) fifthgeneration Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the University of Washington Distributed-Hy...

A comprehensive model evaluation has been conducted for MM5-CMAQ for the period of 1–10 July 1999 of the Southern Oxidants Study episode with a coarse-grid horizontal spacing of 32-km and a nested fine-grid spacing of 8-km. Meteorological and chemical predictions from simulations with both grids are compared with observations from both routine monitoring networks (e.g., CASTNet, IMPROVE, and AI...

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the validity of mesoscale numerical weather prediction modeling near the complex terrain at Aubrey Cliffs, Arizona, and to investigate the influence of the outer domain size employed on the computational results. Mesoscale Modeling v5 (MM5) was implemented to produce numerical wind data that was compared with experimental wind data. The results obtain...

Summertime convection over Arizona typically begins in the early afternoon and continues into the night. This suggests that the evolution of the daytime planetary boundary layer is important to the development of Arizona convection. If numerical models are to provide useful guidance for forecasting convection during the monsoon, then the planetary boundary layer must be simulated as accurately ...

We have applied the MM5-CMAQ model to simulate the high concentrations in PM10 and PM2.5 during a winter episode (2003) in Central Europe. The selected period is January 15 – April 6 2003. Values of daily mean concentrations up to 75 μgm are found on average of several monitoring stations in Northern Germany. This model evaluation shows that there is an increasing underestimation of primary and...

Little is known about the hemodynamic properties of the rapidly expanding arterial bed during embryonic development. Using a servo-null pressure system and 20-MHz pulsed Doppler velocity meter, we recorded simultaneous dorsal aortic pressure and velocity waveforms. The waveforms were digitized at 3-msec intervals and subjected to Fourier analysis. We calculated hydraulic energy and the impedanc...

Persistent, 10-km-scale gradients in climatological precipitation tied to topography are documented with a finescale rain and snow gauge network in the Matheny Ridge area of the Olympic Mountains of Washington State. Precipitation totals are 50% higher on top of an 800-m-high ridge relative to valleys on either side, 10 km distant. Operational fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR...

Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are practical downscaling tools to yield regional climate information for assessing the impacts of climate variability and change. The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) RCM, based on the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), features a novel subgrid treatment of orographic precipitation for coupling climate, hydrologic, and ecologic processes at the wa...

A new combined local and nonlocal closure atmospheric boundary layer model called the Asymmetric Convective Model, version 2, (ACM2) was described and tested in one-dimensional form and was compared with large-eddy simulations and field data in Part I. Herein, the incorporation of the ACM2 into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) is described. Model sim...