An identity links the rate of economic growth, the speed of poverty reduction and changes in the distribution of income during some time period in a given country. A few authors used that identity to understand the causes for observed changes in poverty and to identify the exact role of economic growth in poverty reduction. Yet, many empirical cross-country studies of the relationship between g...

هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی ویژگی‌های روان سنجی مقیاس استرس آسیب‌زا کوید-19 بود که اثرات ویروس کرونا را بر جنبه‌های مختلف زندگی مردم ایران مورد قرار می‌دهد. روش:پژوهش توصیفی از نوع همبستگی بود. جامعۀ آماری شامل کلیۀ افرد بزرگسال شهر تهران در دامنۀ سنی 17 تا 72 سال 461 نفر طریق فراخوانی اینترنتی تحقیق شرکت کردند. برای تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها دو روی‌آورد کلاسیک و نظریۀ سؤال- پاسخ نرم­افزارهای Spss نسخ...

In capital budgeting problems future cash–flows are discounted using the expected one period returns of the investment. In this paper we establish a theory that relates this approach to the assumption that markets are free of arbitrage. Our goal is to uncover implicit assumptions on the set of cash–flow distributions that are suitable for the capital budgeting method. As results we obtain that ...

This paper considers two different cases of division of labor: (i) the subdivision of different operations in order to produce a particular product in a given firm or plant; (ii) the specialization of firms in the same industry. Division of labor of the former type is limited by demand for output of a particular firm or plant, while division of labor of the latter type is limited by demand for ...

This article adds technology choice to a free-entry Cournot model with linear demand and constant marginal costs. Firms can choose from a discrete set of technologies. This simple framework yields non-existence of equilibrium, existence of multiple equilibria and equilibria in which ex-ante identical ̄rms choose di®erent technologies as possible outcomes. I provide a full characterization of th...