While the primary targets for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are hematopoietic precursors and mature myeloid cells, GM-CSF receptors (GMR) are also found on normal tissues including placenta, endothelium, and oligodendrocytes as well as certain malignant cells. The function of GMR in these nonhematopoietic cells is unknown. We studied the function of GMR in human mela...

The discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR) has been a huge impact on our life, especially for mass data storage devices. Initial experiments conducted by Gruberg and Fert are explained. Basic physics of the GMR effect can be explained by the two-current model, which the conduction of a current is consist of two different spin electrons. Details of GMR applications, such as hard-disk read-he...

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new technique for row spacing measurement in a wire array using giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensor. The self-rectifying property of the GMR-based probes leads to accurately detection of the magnetic field fluctuations caused by surface-breaking cracks in conductive materials, shape-induced magnetic anisotropy, etc. The ability to manufacture probes h...

The Bead ARray Counter (BARC) is a multi-analyte biosensor that uses DNA hybridization, magnetic microbeads, and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors to detect and identify biological warfare agents. The current prototype is a table-top instrument consisting of a microfabricated chip (solid substrate) with an array of GMR sensors, a chip carrier board with electronics for lock-in detection, a f...

The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR). GMR is a phenomenon that is intimately linked to the nanostructuring of magnetic materials and has had broad scientific and economic impact. Here, we summarize the early scientific studies of magnetic thin films and superlattices that enabled the discovery of GMR, an...

The GAL4/UAS binary system has been widely used in Drosophila melanogaster for ectopic expression of transgenes in a tissue-specific manner. The GMR-GAL4 driver, which expresses the yeast transcription factor GAL4 under the control of glass multiple reporter (GMR) promoter elements, has been commonly utilized to express target transgenes, specifically in the developing eye. However, we ha...

Eight clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecium highly resistant to gentamicin (MIC, > 1,000 mg/liter) from patients in six hospitals on three continents were investigated for evidence of spread of either a clone of high-level gentamicin-resistant (HLGR) E. faecium or wide dissemination of a gentamicin resistance (Gmr) plasmid. A combination of ribotypes, plasmid profiles, and extended antimicr...

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) effect exhibits high potential applications in ultrahigh density magnetic recording, sensors and electronic devices. Many methods were developed to improve the GMR, such as changing diameters or content ratio of Co Cu etc. In this work, we have successfully grown a new Co/Cu multilayered nanowires arrays (MNAs) with gradient diameter (GDMNAs). Very interestingly, d...

Random access magnetoresistive memories have been designed using anisotropic magnetoresistive ~AMR! material and more recently giant magnetoresistive ~GMR! material. The thin films in these memories have low sheet resistivities ~about 10 V/sq!, resulting in cell resistances of 10 to 100 V at competitive areal densities. High sense currents of a mA or more are required to get signals on the orde...

Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor has been developed and widely applied to use as magnetic read head in data storage industry. This paper describes new applications of magnetic-field measurement with high spatial-resolution and high sensitivity to nondestructive evaluation and biomedical engineering. For nondestructive evaluation, the GMR sensor, used as magnetic sensor based on eddy-current...