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potential bioactive agents, we subjected pregnenolone (1) to fungal metabolism with fungi reported to effect hydroxylation of steroids at various positions, and as a result a series of transformed analogues 3—11 were obtained. Pregnenolone (1) is a major hormone in human nerve tissues. Its therapeutic role in repairing defective neurons is well documented. The most promising therapeutic strateg...

Parker et al. (Reports, 10 March 2006, p. 1459) showed that native herbivores suppress exotic plants more than native plants. Further analysis reveals that the effect of native herbivores is reduced on exotic plant species that are closely related to native species in the invaded region. Exotic plants may share traits with native congeners that confer similar resistance to resident herbivores.

The E3 giant elliptical galaxy IC 1459 is the prototypical galaxy with a fast counterrotating stellar core. We obtained one HST/STIS long-slit spectrum along the major axis of this galaxy and CTIO spectra along five position angles. The signal-to-noise (S/N) of the ground-based data is such that also the higher order Gauss-Hermite moments (h3–h6) can be extracted reliably. We present selfconsis...

ease (ESRD) is quite different from that in patients with normal renal function. Numerous approaches are undertaken to appropriately adjust the dosage regimens of renal excretory drugs in ESRD patients because the systemic exposure in this population unexpectedly increases and frequently causes adverse events. In contrast, hemodialysis sometimes results in an inadequate decrease of the plasma d...

We introduce the E-correspondence principle for stochastic dynamic expectations models as a tool for comparative dynamics analysis. The principle is applicable to equilibria that are stable under least squares and closely related learning rules. With this technique it is possible to study, without explicit solving for the equilibrium, how properties of the equilibrium are affected by changes in...