There are two ways eukaryotes double number of chromosomes: (1) whole genome duplication (polyploidy), in which all nuclear DNA is replicated, and (2) karyotypic fission (pseudopolyploidy), in which all chromosomes are physically bifurcated. We contrast polyploidy with pseudopolyploidy, highlighting when it is crucial to look at genetic vs. genomic levels. We review history of pseudopolyploidy,...

The paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) is a primitive fish that is found in several large rivers of the Mississippi River drainage. The status of paddlefish populations in these large rivers is debatable due to several factors including habitat loss, contaminants and commercial fishing (Sparrowe 1986; Gundersen and Pearson 1992). The roe of female paddlefish is used to make domestic caviar and comm...

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. It faces a series of ecological and environmental problems, hence it is important and necessary to study the land use change in the Poyang Lake region. In this study, Landsat images in 1976, 1989, 1999 and 2009 were analysed using methods including quantitative changes of land use and land use degree change in the Poyang Lake region. Land use...

Dear Sir, Mahcndru et aJ. (IJP, October 1989) have reported that as recovery is significantly quicker with althesin as compared with thiopentone, althesin 'definitely has a place as an intravenous anaesthetic agent for ECT ' We object to this recommendation. Althesin has been shown to significantly attenuate seizure duration and EEG correlates of seizure activity in comparison with barbiturate ...

Carbon–carbon bond formation is the core of organic synthesis, in which organometallic reagents play key role forms 1,2-nucleophilic additions, conjugate and transition-metal catalyzed cross-couplings. These reactions have enabled production a wide range molecules our society. Despite enormous power chemical they inherent drawbacks eyes future sustainability. This account summarizes efforts ove...