Information has now become such an integral part of our global society, that its access is considered as a basic human right [1, 2]. Moreover, progress of rural and urban developing populations is also getting increasingly dependent upon access to information [3]. This is specifically applicable to Pakistan, which is a developing country having GDP per capita about US$430, 67.7% rural populatio...

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) offers three-dimensional (3D) structural and functional imaging of living biological tissue with label-free, optical absorption contrast. These attributes lend PAT imaging to a wide variety of applications in clinical medicine and preclinical research. Despite advances in live animal imaging with PAT, there is still a need for 3D imaging at centimeter depths in re...

We study the phase diagram of the four dimensional O(4) model with first (β1) and second (β2) neighbor couplings, specially in the β2 < 0 region, where we find a line of transitions which seems to be second order. We also compute the critical exponents on this line at the point β1 = 0 (F4 lattice) by Finite Size Scaling techniques up to a lattice size of 24, being these exponents different from...

We start by a concise yet thorough revision of four-dimensional super-space supergravity. We present curved superspace geometry, for arbitrary N , including torsion, curvature and Bianchi identities. We motivate the choice of torsion constraints. We then consider the particular cases of N = 1, 2. In both cases we show how Poincaré supergravity can be obtained from conformal supergravity. We see...

A provisional list of all the endemic vascular plant genera in SW Asia is presented. The area, here defined to include Turkey, the Caucasus, N Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and adjacent parts of Pakistan and Central Asia, has 161 genera restricted to it. By far, the greatest numbers of the endemic genera are in Apiaceae, Brassicaceae and Asteraceae; many are morphologically isolated and occur at rand...

Electron-withdrawing heterocyclic units are found in most organic optoelectronic materials. Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis([1,2,3]thiadiazole) is an interesting new system, the chemical properties of which much less studied than other fused thiadiazoles. Cyano derivatives electron-accepting heterocycles known as potential components photoluminescent In this communication, benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d′]bis([1,2,3]...