This manuscript is dedicated to history of economical relations and reconstruction of commercial routes on territory of Nuratau from 20 century B.C. till beginning of 20 century. This time interval was conditionally divided onto three periods: before, in time and past of existing the Great Silk Road (GSR). An attempt to reconstruct commercial routes in the region based on analysis of more than ...

Since the work of André Martinet back in the 60’s [7], the notion of ‘economy’ has been accepted as one of the main principles underlying the organization of phonological inventories (hereafter PI). This principle, also named MUAF (‘Maximal Use of Available Features’) by John Ohala [8], states that PI are organized along a few phonetic dimensions that they tend to maximize in terms of number of...

In 1995, Bernardo Recamán Santos [4] defined a number n to be equidigital if the prime factorization of n requires the same number of decimal digits as n, and economical if its prime factorization requires no more digits. He asked whether there are arbitrarily long sequences of consecutive economical numbers. In 1998, Richard Pinch [2] gave an affirmative answer to this question assuming the pr...

Two distinct economical catalysts for intramolecular hydroaminations of electronically unactivated alkenes with basic amines are described, which are based on (a) group 4 metal halides under basic reaction conditions or (b) Brønsted-acid organocatalysts.