While sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific are dominated by the thermocline feedback, in the central equatorial Pacific local wind effects, such as zonal advection, are important as well. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) simulations with a linear model improve markedly if these effects are included as a local wind stress feedback on SST. An atmosphere mod...

A method to predict the June–September (JJAS) Caribbean sea level pressure anomalies (SLPAs) using data available the previous April is described. The method involves the creation of a multiple linear regression equation that uses three predictors. These predictors are the January–March (JFM) North Atlantic (508–608N, 108–508W) sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), JFM Niño 3.4 (58N–58S, 1...

The relationship between South American precipitation and cross-equatorial flow over the western Amazon is examined using the 15-yr (1979–93) European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis dataset. A meridional wind index, the V index, is constructed to represent the variability of the crossequatorial flow, based on area-averaged (58S–58N, 658–758W) daily 925-hPa meridion...

Environmental approaches in the asphalt industry have focused on utilizing waste materials as modifiers. Lignin is a high-potential bitumen modifier due to its characteristics; however, blending process with critical. This study investigates chemo-thermal characteristics of lignin-modified under two different protocols, including mechanical and high-shear mixer evaluate performance modifier. Ac...