The health and education institutions that were established based on Foundation tradition starting from the Umayyad and Abbasid, and especially in the Seljuk and Ottoman periods in the Turkish-Islam civilization where the patients were treated without expecting anything in return and health information based on practice and observation were provided were named “Darüşşifa”. It is derived from wo...

abolqasem kashani, the shi’i historian of ilkhanid era, due to the influence of new situation that appeared after abbasid caliphate’s fall and the rise of ilkhanids, offers a new historiographical perspective. he tries to avoid prejudice and by accuracy and tolerance, studies history and intends to strengthen the social and political position of the shi’is; hence he tries to present a logical d...

This study is one of the studies that focus on role scientific debates in eliminating sectarian fanaticism and intellectual extremism Abbasid era .This was reasons for holding debate councils, according to many differences characterized Arab-Islamic civilization, were found establish right reach it. In boards. The varied with diversity their topics corresponding sides. also showed evidence legi...

While process technologists are obsessed to follow Moore’s curve down to nanoscale dimensions, design technologists are confronted with gigascale complexity. On the other hand, post-PC and post dotcom products require zero cost, zero energy yet software programmable novel system architectures to be sold in huge volumes and to be designed in exponentially decreasing time. How do we cope with the...

this paper discusses the number of scholars and their scientific interests in the reign of bu-veyhid. buveyhid the most important iranian-shi ‘it dynasties appeared in the early era of islam. they were so powerful that the abbasid caliphs had to obey them. according to their shi ‘it religion, they practiced the idea of democracy and all sects were free in their reign. according to the survey mo...

in the abbasid era, chieftainship (niqābat) was a politico-religious institution with social functions. since the early periods of the samanids era, the alavids’ chieftainship in nayshābūr, capital of khurāsān, had been turned over to the ḥusaynī alavids of banū zubāra, but amīr nūḥ b. manṣūr sāmānī (ruled 366-378) handed over this post to a ḥasanī alavid, whose descendants became the hereditar...