Can a truth-bearer be true but not determinately so? On the enduringly popular standard supervaluational conception of indeterminacy, under which the principle of bivalence is invalid, the answer is a straightforward No. On such a conception, truth just is determinate truth—truth in all admissible interpretations. For that reason, a more interesting question is: can a truth-bearer be true but n...

We investigated processes of truth validation during reading. Participants responded to 'true' and 'false' probes after reading simple true or false sentences. Compatible sentence/probe combinations (true/'true', false/'false') facilitated responding compared with incompatible combinations (true/'false', false/'true'), indicating truth validation. Evidence for truth validation was obtained afte...

A great deal of recent theoretical work in inference has involved extending classical logic in some way. I argue that these extensions share two properties: firstly, the formal addition of truth values encoding intermediate levels of validity between true (i.e., valid) and false (i.e., invalid) and, secondly, the addition of truth values encoding intermediate levels of certainty between true or...

This paper considers defaults as summaries of decision-theoretic deliberations. We investigate the idea that the default e ! a means that a is the optimal action based on all we know (contingently) being e. It is shown how this notion of a default is nonmonotonic and has a preference for more speciic defaults. It has the advantage of defaults can, in principle, be derived from lower level conce...

Presupposition, vagueness, and oddness can lead some sentences to fail to have a clear truth value. The homogeneity property of plural predication with definite descriptions may also create truth-value gaps: The books are written in Dutch is true if all relevant books are in Dutch, false if none of them is, and neither true nor false if, say, half of the books are written in Dutch. We study the...

Conditionals play crucial roles in human reasoning. They represent rules, causal relationship, and explicit inference. Psychology of reasoning, from its inception, has been studying how humans use and understand conditionals. One prominent feature of humans’ conditionals is that it does not follow the pattern of the standard model of conditionals. In classical logic, the corresponding connectiv...

To my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, for bringing me thus far, and my family and friends whom have been so encouraging and supportive of me over the years. " I can do all things through Christ which strengtheneth me. "-Philippians 4:13 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, and all who have helped me through this process. have pushed me to go the extra mile and to achieve new...