This paper explores the ambiguous Persian Achaemenid attitude towards horse and lion. It examines way these animals appear in imperial official presentations, local artifacts throughout empire Greek textual representations. In case of stallion, it looks at imagery riding or place society religion alongside employment steeds chariots. Images lion are addressed instances where appears to be respe...

The article analyzes 22 details of the costume Kafirs and partially Kalasha Hindukush which have close analogies among related ancient Iranian-speaking peoples Pre-Islamic time. Indo-Scythians Kushans, who created large powers nearby in 1st c. BC — AD, most such analogies. These had an impact on clothing local Indo-Iranians and, probably, participated their ethnic history. infl uence Iranian pe...

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undoubtedly achamenids, as the greatest empire of ancient periods that tried to preserve its internal security and defend its frontiers, needed the help of their appointed governors who were usually elected from among achaemenid families. besoos, who was one of achaemenids, was appointed as a governor on east (bacteria). besoos dismissed and killed darius iii and claimed himself as the emperor ...

state divisions are one of the most effective tools for political space organizing. the background of dividing the territory of the country into smaller units in iran may be historically traced back to the formation of the first territorial state by achaemenids. the role and function of state divisions, its relationship to national survival, facilitation of exerting the government’s will, a bal...

on the one hand, the vacant position of study about impact of achaemenid empire on eastern states is due to silence by classic authors in dealing with these lands; and on the other hand, it is reffered to shortage of archeological artifacts relating to achaemenids at the given region. in the present essay, by the aid of reminiscent works and economic and administrative evidences obtained from e...

the study of the interactions among different religions’ related artworks is one of the most important evidences in comparative studies towards attaining new information and insights in the development of these works in different lands and countries. the extant samples of such studies indicate how artistic movements come into being and expand during the evolution of religions in societies and t...