There are five main phases of the throwing motion: windup, cocking, acceleration, deceleration, and follow-through (Fig. 2.1) [1–3]. The phases of the throwing motion generate and transmit energy to the arm to create velocity [1]. Windup and follow-through compose the majority of the throwing time, but the entire process can take less than 2 s. As a result, throwing athletes require efficient a...

The overhead-throwing athlete is a challenging sports medicine patient. The repetitive microtraumatic stresses imposed on the athlete's shoulder joint complex during the throwing motion constantly places the athlete at risk for injury. These stresses may effect several adaptations to normal shoulder range of motion, strength, and scapula position. The clinician should therefore appreciate the u...

the present study aimed to examine throwing accuracy and spatial and digit working memory of field dependent-independent participants. the group embedded figure test (geft) was distributed among 320 male students and based on the geft scores, 45 participants were randomly divided into field dependent, field independent and control group (15 participants/each group). the study included two tasks...

CONTEXT Baseball throwing injuries are common. Emphasis on injury prevention and rehabilitation is made in an attempt to keep athletes on the field of competition. Interval throwing programs are an integral part of training, conditioning, and returning an injured baseball player to the game. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Development of data-driven programs was based on the number, type, distance, and ...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change in performance and technique of the overarm throwing in elementary school girls through a practice using the standard motion model. Fifteen girls from sixth grade were participated in three sessions: videotaping sessions at the preand post-practice and practice session. The throwing motions were videotaped with two high-speed cameras and a...

OBJECTIVE To assess differences in glenohumeral joint rotatory range of movement in javelin throwers between the throwing and non-throwing arm. METHOD A universal 360 degrees goniometer was used to assess glenohumeral joint external and internal rotation range in 90 degrees of shoulder abduction in a group of ten senior international javelin throwers. RESULTS Both arms had significantly gre...

BACKGROUND The incidence of ulnar collateral ligament injury has increased in baseball, especially at the high school level. HYPOTHESIS Ulnar collateral ligament injury in high school baseball players is associated with overuse, high-velocity throwing, early throwing of breaking pitches, and improper warm-ups. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Follow-up physical examination...

An established finding is that adults prefer to guess before rather than after a chance event has happened. This is interpreted in terms of aversion to guessing when relatively incompetent: After throwing, the fall could be known. Adults (N=71, mean age 18;11, N=28, mean age 48;0) showed this preference with imagined die-throwing as in the published studies. With live die-throwing, children (N=...

Fuchsine acid is one of the supramolecular dyes used in Masson’s trichrome stain and has enormous applications histology. It also Van Gieson’s method with picric to show red collagen fibers smooth muscle contrast collagen. In addition these, it several other important electronic fields photonic devices as an organic semiconductor. Therefore, utmost importance investigate predict complex molecul...