External exposed radiation may play an important role in pathogens of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although is thought to arise due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. The result is dysregulated immune responses due to alteration in the gut microbiota population and the subsequent development of gut inflammation. It has recently been shown that the effect of ioni...

GPR18, GPR55 and GPR119 (provisional nomenclature), although showing little structural similarity to CB1 CB2 cannabinoid receptors, respond endogenous agents analogous the ligands, as well some natural/synthetic receptor ligands [104]. Although there are multiple reports indicate that can be activated in vitro by N-arachidonoylglycine, lysophosphatidylinositol N-oleoylethanolamide, respectively...

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of transcription factors that includes receptors for steroids, thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and vitamin D. Upon activation in the cytoplasm, PPARs heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXR) and form a complex that translocates to the nucleus and regulates gene expr...

Proteinase-activated receptors are a recently described, novel family of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Rather then being stimulated through ligand receptor occupancy, activation is initiated by cleavage of the N terminus of the receptor by a serine protease resulting in the generation of a new tethered ligand that interacts with the receptor within extracellular loop-2. To da...