Abstract. The Rorschach offers a unique and interesting paradigm from the perspective of (Bayesian) brain. This contribution to cross-disciplinary special issue considers perceptual inference in brain how it might inform subject-specific differences synthesis. Before doing so, we provide broad overview active its various manifestations. In brief, supposes that our perceptions are best hypothesi...

Assessing learners’ present and real life language needs can contribute to learners’ active participation in learning processes. , Assessing learners’ task-based needs and aligning them with pedagogical tasks are significant in English for medical purpose (EMS) courses. The main objectives of the present study were to assess learners’ needs and to determine whether they are practiced in EMS cou...

this article reports on the findings of a study that investigated the impact of manipulating task performance conditions on listening task performance by learners of english as a foreign language (efl). the study was designed to explore the effects of changing complexity dimensions on listening task performance and to achieve two aims: to see how listening comprehension task performance was aff...