Metabolic diseases are an increasing problem in society with the brain-metabolic axis as a master regulator of human body for sustaining homeostasis under metabolic stress. However, inflammation and disease will trigger sustained activation hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In this study, we investigated role stress on progenitor cells vitro, applied insulin leptin to murine isolated from pi...

As is well known, adrenal cortex produces and secrete steroids, which originate from circulating or stored cholesterol. All corticosteroids are synthesized through a series of complicated enzymatic steps from cholesterol (Fig. 1). Corticosteroids are classified into three groups, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and adrenal androgens based on their biological actions. In human adrenal cortex...

The steroidal nature of adrenocortical hormones was established in 1937, when Reichstein synthesized desoxycorticosterone. Eventually it was clearly established that the adrenal cortex elaborated a number of hormones and that these compounds differed in their amount of inherent metabolic (glucocorticoid) and electrolyte regulating (mineralocorticoid) activity. The actions of these hormones exte...

There is a well-established relationship between alterations of various hormonal systems and psychiatric disorders, both in endocrine and psychiatric patients. This has led to clinical and research studies examining the efficacy of the different hormones for treatment of depression. These data will be reviewed with particular regard to the thyroid, gonadal, pineal, and adrenal cortex hormones. ...

An adrenal cortical tissue tumor developed in a patient with poorly controlled salt-losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia. A 16-year-old girl became progressively virilized from 13 to 16 years of age. Base line serum progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and testosterone levels were high and there was a diurnal pattern of the hormones. Initially elevated urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum steroid...

The adrenal cortex tumors include both malignant adrenal cortex cancers (ACC) and benign masses (ACT) that can be either secreting, of one of the hormones normally produced in the adrenal cortex (Cushing’s syndrome if the hypersecretion is of cortisol or Conn’s syndrome if it is aldosterone) or non-secretory (Incidentalomas). The outer part of the adrenal glands, the adrenal cortex, is responsi...

Despite numerous studies reported during the past six years, the controversy concerning the effects of ACTH and cortisone on tuberculous infections continues. When one considers the many known and unknown factors that influence host-parasite relationships, the different reactions of different species to tuberculous infections, and the varied effects of different drugs and hormones on the infect...

The effect of the administration of a synthetic peptide with corticotrophic properties (18-ACTH) on the plasma corticosteroid levels of 72 healthy volunteers was studied. The same effect is seen both after subcutaneous and intramuscular injection. Intravenous administration provokes a longer lasting influence on adrenocortical activity, especially when large doses of the peptide are given; side...

For more than a decade the secretions of the adrenal cortex have been associated with the metabolism of protein. The work of Long and his collaborators clearly demonstrated that the administration of potent adrenal cortical extracts to experimental animals resulted in increased gluconeogenesis, associated with accentuated nitrogen excretion (l-3). This effect of the adrenal cortex on the catabo...

PATIENTS WITH adreno-cortmal hyperfunctaon-are not frequently presented to anaesthetists. The proper anaesthetac management for adrenalectomy m these cases reqmres a basic understanchng of the physlopathology of the synch'omes caused by hyperfunetlon of the adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex secretes three types of sterold hormones, file glucocorticolds, and the mmeralo-corticolds and hormones ...