one of the most important changes in the judicial system of iran was the establishment of dispute settlement councils in 1381. before this date, judgment and solving the disputes was being carried out only in official juridical centers. after establishing the councils, rural and urban communities welcomed those institutes that were in charge of judging some part of citizen’s problems. in this p...

the islamic legal system established an institution based on which the followers of the triple religions, that is, judaism, christianity and zoroastrianism, under the condition of accepting an agreement entitled as “dhamma”, could seek equality with muslims in many citizenship rights and obligations; whereas, they have never enjoyed those equal rights. during recent years, muslim scholars have ...

Juridical Medicine and Medical Police. The objects of both are alike dignified and comprehensive. They regard the preservation and welfare of civilized man. Medical Police is principally occupied in exploring the means whereby the public health may be preserved and population encouraged, or in illustrating their application. Juridical Medicine consists in applying the precepts and experience of...

An interesting aspect of games is the relative extent to which a player can positively influence his results by making appropriate strategic choices. This question is closely related to the issue of how to distinguish between games of skill and games of chance. The distinction between these two types of games is definitely interesting from a juridical point of view. Borm and Van der Genugten (2...

1. All duties are either duties of right, that is, juridical duties (officia juris), or duties of virtue, that is, ethical duties (officia virtutis s. ethica). Juridical duties are such as may be promulgated by external legislation; ethical duties are those for which such legislation is not possible. The reason why the latter cannot be properly made the subject of external legislation is becaus...

Reflections on normative discourses on sexuality, family and reproduction are shown, promoted by medical and juridical knowledge in modern society. This study was based on the assumption that changes and maintenance of values and practices coexist in the current discourses on the desire to have children, expressed as claims in the dimension of sexual and reproductive rights, with new demands in...