statement of the problem: anatomic variation can potentially impact the surgical safety. purpose: the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of ostiomeatal complex variations based on cone beam computed tomography (cbct) images of the patients seeking rhinoplasty. materials and method: in this cross-sectional study, cbct images of 281 patients including 153 female an...

BACKGROUND Esophagectomy is a challenging procedure due to: a) it is a complex operation; b) it is linked to very high morbidity and mortality rates; c) surgical anatomy of the esophagus is very peculiar. The anatomic variations that can be unexpectedly found during an operation may cause complications and influence the outcome. AIM To review the anatomic basis for esophagectomy focusing on a...

INTRODUCTION Minimally invasive approaches are increasing in popularity. We have undertaken an anatomic and radiological study of the frontal sinus that is frequently involved in the supercilliary minicraniotomy used to access the parasellar region. OBJECTIVE We wanted to evaluate the prevalence and morphological characteristics of the frontal sinus in a certain population sample. METHODS 9...

In this article, we present 5 cases of uncommon anomalous vertebral arteries and discuss the possible embryologic etiologies. These cases include a left vertebral artery as the 2nd branch off the left subclavian, a left vertebral artery with 2 origins, a right vertebral artery arising as the last branch off the aorta, a right vertebral artery arising as the 2nd branch off the right subclavian a...

a mandibular second premolar with four canals is an interesting example of anatomic variations. this report describes a case of a mandibular second premolar with three roots and four canals (one mesiobuccal, two distobuccal and one lingual). the canals were prepared using k-files and irrigated with naocl (5.25%) and normal saline as the final irrigant. the canals were filled laterally with gutt...

introduction: the brachial plexus is responsible for the innervation to the upper limb and some parts of the thorax. variations in the branching of the brachial plexus are common and have been reported in 65.3% of the population. the variations (atypical communication) of brachial plexus have significant clinical and surgical importance. methods: in this study 10 upper limbs which belonged to 5...