After the First World War (WWI), the Paris Peace Conference was held to draft and sign peace treaties with defeated countries. Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles stated that "the Allied and Association Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the ...

Despite the signing of a peace accord between Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) and Government in 2016, it is increasingly apparent that country’s armed con...

The major technical obstacle to the signing of nuclear test ban treaties is the issue of verifying compliance. Since the banning of atmospheric and oceanic testing (Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963) pushed testing underground, seismic monitoring has been one of the most important technologies available for monitoring compliance with test ban treaties. The goal of these treaties is to progressive...

Abstract This article analyses the case of Vietnam’s ratification Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment Punishment 1987 from 2013 to 2014. It aims provide empirical evidence inform current debates regarding roles external internal dynamics, as well relevant pressures threats, in shaping state behaviour toward international civil political rights treaties. Th...

This paper analyses the 2018 Ethiopia-Eritrea Peace Agreement, whether it is a memorandum of understanding (MOU) or treaty, highlighting factors leading to conflict and peace agreement. It also highlights previous accords and why even after Agreements, tensions remain/ed high. Most Agreements are either MOU Treaty. MOUs are non-legally binding, while treaties are legally binding. Unfortuna...

Abstract The issue of the protection national minorities is regulated by acts international law, frequently arising from agreements that have been concluded to end armed conflicts or regulate directly their consequences. Peace treaties between states are governed rules set out in Vienna Convention on Law Treaties. More and more peace are, however, non-state actors. As indicated Article 3 Conven...

The fates of "transboundary" environmental systems depend on how nation states interact with one another. In the absence of a hegemon willing and able to coerce other states into avoiding a "tragedy of the commons," shared environments will be safeguarded if international cooperation succeeds and degraded or even destroyed if it fails. Treaties and related institutions of international law give...

This article introduces the Peace Accords Matrix Implementation Dataset (PAM_ID). We present time-series data on the implementation of 51 provisions in 34 comprehensive peace agreements negotiated in civil wars since 1989. We follow the implementation process for up to ten years following the signing of each agreement. The data provide new insights into the types of provisions that are more or ...

O 29 December 2006, the national elections commission, the Aceh Independent Elections Commission (KIP), announced the offi cial results of the governor elections in the Indonesian province of Aceh: Irwandi Yusuf, representative of the former rebel movement GAM, which fought for the independence of Aceh in a civil war lasting almost 30 years, emerged as victor. The elections on 11 December 2006,...