Over the past two decades, HIV resistance to antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) has risen to high levels in the wealthier countries of the world, which are able to afford widespread treatment. We have gained insights into the evolution and transmission dynamics of ARV resistance by designing a biologically complex multistrain network model. With this model, we traced the evolutionary history of ARV re...

Background: Antiretroviral (ARV)-induced toxidermia is increasingly reported. They most often complicate ARV therapy and can compromise the therapeutic future of patients living with HIV. The aim this study was to determine frequency ARV-induced toxidermia, identify ARVs responsible, describe clinical forms encountered evolutionary modalities patients. Material methods: This a cross-sectional f...

Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected infants and children has changed dramatically over the past several years, from monotherapy in the 1990s to the current use of combination regimens, including highly active ARV therapy (HAART). HAART has been associated with increased survival, reduction in opportunistic infections, improved growth and neurocognitive fun...

BACKGROUND Self-initiation to antiretroviral treatment (ART) exposes the patient to the risk of drug toxicity, poor adherence to treatment, and escalates the development of drug resistance. OBJECTIVES To determine the sources of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs by unregistered human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and the extent of ARV self-medication. METHODS Simulated clients wer...

BACKGROUND Brazil became the first developing country to guarantee free and universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, with antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) being delivered to nearly 190,000 patients. The analysis of ARV price evolution and market dynamics in Brazil can help anticipate issues soon to afflict other developing countries, as the 2010 revision of the World Health Organization guidelines sh...

OBJECTIVE To analyze temporal patterns of antiretroviral (ARV) prescribing practices relative to nationally defined guidelines in treatment-naive patients with HIV-1 infection. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS We evaluated ARV prescribing patterns among ARV treatment-naive veterans who were receiving care within the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) from 1992 through 2004 in ...

Objective: To estimate the consumption and quantity of unaltered antiretrivirals (ARV) eliminated into environment to carry out a literature research on aquatic ecotoxicological studies ARV used in Brazil. Methodology: We requested from one dispensing units city Belo-Horizonte (BH) amount dispensed years 2018-2019-2020. Considering 2020, daily dose, elimination rate, drug unchanged form was est...

BACKGROUND With widespread use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in Africa, one of the major potential challenges is the risk of emergence of ARV drug-resistant HIV strains. Our objective is to evaluate the virological failure and genotypic drug-resistance mutations in patients receiving first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in routine clinics that use the World Health Organizatio...

Early linkage to care and antiretroviral (ARV) treatment are associated with reduced HIV transmission. Male-to-male sexual contact represents the largest HIV transmission category in the United States; men who have sex with men (MSM) are an important focus of care and treatment efforts. With the release of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy and expanded HIV treatment guidelines, increases in early ...

Access to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy for patients in developing countries has become an increasing global public health and political concern in recent years. Both donor governments and those of high-burden countries agree that treating AIDS is a major priority. Efforts are underway in many countries to increase the numbers receiving ARV treatment, and the level of international funds committ...