A recent Perspective in Nature issued a call for more transparency in the reporting of preclinical research (1). Although this article focused primarily on experimental design, it emphasized the need for improved reporting in the scientific literature. Within the context of preclinical studies, there have been discussions regarding the appropriate reporting of standard error (SE) and standard d...

Abstract In this paper, I argue that the distinction between standard and non-standard pragmatic implications, originally used to differentiate among types of conversational implicatures, applies family contents—traditionally referred as ‘presuppositions’—that exhibit projective behaviour. Following scholars working within Question Under Discussion model communication, distinguish two implicati...

fluoride is one of the most important elements in the composition of teeth and bones. this element can enter the body via different ways. however, drinking water is the most important way to receive fluoride by a lot of people. an increase in fluoride level in the body causes dental fluorosis and its absence leads to teeth decay. standard rate of fluoride in drinking water is determined by the ...