Birds active in apple orchards in south-eastern Australia can contribute positively (e.g., control crop pests) or negatively (e.g., crop damage) to crop yields. Our study is the first to identify net outcomes of these activities, using six apple orchards, varying in management intensity, in south-eastern Australia as a study system. We also conducted a predation experiment using real and artifi...

Apple scab emerged as an expensive problem in apple orchards throughout the Northeastern United States in 2009. Experienced growers who had managed scab effectively for many years found themselves spray ing throughout summer to control scab that kept appearing on new leaves. Th e effort required to protect fruit from scab during summer increased production costs and represents a “loss” to apple...

the main objective of this descriptive-survey research was to investigate the application of waste management operations in apple production in abhar county. the statistical population of the study consisted of 12971 apple growers of the two districts of markazi and soltanieh out of which 100 people were selected as sample using cochran formula. stratified proportionate random sampling techniqu...

Abstract As a response to strong radiative heating, the fruit temperature of apples may rise significantly above air temperature. This result in damage skin tissue and epidermal hypodermal cell layers. To avoid economic losses induced by sunburn symptoms on skin, apple growers need forecasts temperature, which will allow them organize sun-protection measures time. The temperatures detached appl...

Crop yield estimation is an essential element in apple orchard management. Apple growers currently predict yield based on historical records and manual counting. These methods require extensive experience on the part of farm managers to take into account variations in weather, soil conditions, pests, etc., and are generally labor-intensive and inaccurate. In this work, we propose an automatic c...

Fungi in the sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) complex cause blemishes on apple and pear fruit that result in economic losses for growers. The SBFS fungi colonise the epicuticular wax layer of pomaceous fruit but do not invade the cuticle. Fungi causing fuliginous and punctate mycelial types on apple are particularly difficult to identify based on morphological criteria because many species in t...

This study investigates the key factors affecting farmers’ decisions to use chemical fertilizer and/or organic in Chinese apple production. calculates partial output elasticities and of substitution between fertilizer, using a stochastic frontier production function model data for 2017–2019. Subsequently, it analyzes how different sales channels impact fertilizer. It also examines economic ince...

Apple growers, private consultants, and extension specialists have all noted that bitter rot is increasingly common and is causing sporadic but economically significant losses throughout the northeastern and north central apple growing regions of North America. Forty years ago, bitter rot was considered a “southern disease” and apples with bitter rot were rarely observed in northern production ...