Learning models are necessary because one of the purposes using learning is to improve students' abilities. One that can be used in elementary school role-playing. This study aims know effectiveness role-playing mathematics learning, especially an arithmetic operation. research quantitative with a pre-experimental design; it’s one-shot case study. research's subject was Elementary School 278 Pa...

This paper explains the design and implementation of 8-bit ALU (arithmetic and logic unit) using VHDL by using mixed style of modeling in Xilinx ISE 8.1i. The ALU takes two8-bits numbers and performs different principal arithmetic and logic operations like addition, multiplication, logical AND, OR, XOR, XNOR, NOR. The major focus of concern in this ALU is the multiplication operation using radi...

Arithmetic research reveals longer RTs for large problems (6x8) than small problems (2x3). While several factors have been implicated, they cannot be dissociated in normal arithmetic. Subjects were trained on an artificial operation designed to independently manipulate these variables. Results suggest that semantic operand representations and presentation frequency are involved. A new theory of...

This paper introduces PAPA: Packed Arithmetic on a Prefix Adder, a new approach to parallel prefix adder design that supports a wide variety of packed arithmetic computations, including packed add and subtract with saturation, packed rounded average, and packed absolute difference. The approach consists of altering the prefix adder cell logic equations to take advantage of a previously unused “...

This paper unifies the representations of different kinds of computer arithmetic. It is motivated by ideas developed in the book The End of Error by John Gustafson [5]. Here interval arithmetic just deals with connected sets of real numbers. These can be closed, open, half-open, bounded or unbounded. The first chapter gives a brief informal review of computer arithmetic from early floating-poin...

A number of previous studies have interpreted differences in brain activation between arithmetic operation types (e.g. addition and multiplication) as evidence in favor of distinct cortical representations, processes or neural systems. It is still not clear how differences in general task complexity contribute to these neural differences. Here, we used a mental arithmetic paradigm to disentangl...

Let IIR be the set of closed and bounded intervals of real numbers. Arithmetic in IIR can be defined via the power set IPIR (the set of all subsets) of real numbers. If in case of division zero is not contained in the divisor arithmetic in IIR is an algebraically closed subset of the arithmetic in IPIR. Arithmetic in IPIR allows division by an interval that contains zero also. This results in c...

Satisfiability modulo theory (SMT) consists in testing the satisfiability of first-order formulas over linear integer or real arithmetic, or other theories. In this survey, we explain the combination of propositional satisfiability and decision procedures for conjunctions known as DPLL(T), and the alternative “natural domain” approaches. We also cover quantifiers, Craig interpolants, polynomial...

In our scheme, we choose AC coefficients in the integer DCT domain for the bit-shift operation, and therefore the capacity and the quality of the watermarked image can be adjusted by selecting different numbers of coefficients of different frequencies. To prevent overflows and underflows in the spatial domain caused by modification of the DCT coefficients, we design a block discrimination struc...