Autophagy is a complex cellular process having multiple roles, depending on tissue, physiological, or pathological conditions. Major post-translational regulators of autophagy are well known, however, they have not yet been collected comprehensively. The precise and context-dependent regulation of autophagy necessitates additional regulators, including transcriptional and post-transcriptional c...

Purpose To investigate which cytokines and chemokines are involved in the immunopathogenesis of acute retinal necrosis (ARN), and whether cytokine profiles are associated with clinical manifestations, such as visual outcome. Methods Serum and aqueous humor (AH) samples of 19 patients with ARN were analyzed by multiplex immunoassay. Infectious controls consisted of 18 patients with rubella vir...

We discuss economic rationales behind peering decisions in the Internet. In the first part of the paper we analyze the decision about a bilateral peering agreement between two commercial Internet service providers (ISPs) who are in Cournot competition. In the second part we discuss multilateral peering between commercial ISPs and an academic research network (ARN). The latter is organized as cl...

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a rare, potentially blinding retinal disease resulting from ocular infections with herpes simplex virus (HSV) or varicella-zoster virus (VZV). To determine the antigen specificity and functional characteristics of ocular infiltrating T cells in ARN, T cells were isolated and expanded nonspecifically from intraocular fluid (IOF) samples from 2 patients with HSV-1-...

HSV-2 is an important cause of the acute retinal necrosis (ARN) syndrome in younger patients. We describe an atypical case of HSV-2 ARN in the context of neonatal exposure and subconjunctival steroid injection. Clinicians should be aware of the association of neonatal or congenital exposure to HSV-2 as a risk factor for this disease because early treatment may improve outcome and/or avoid invol...

Air route network (ARN) is the important carrier of air transport, and its robustness has influence on safety stability transport. To analyze ARN, in this paper, a topology potential relative entropy (TPRE) model proposed, based (TP) (RE) methods. Firstly, TPRE established as theoretical basis for research. Secondly, an reduction (ARRN) constructed according to real Chinese ARN. Besides, basic ...

It has been known that acupuncture has various effects such as analgesia, promotion of homeostasis, improvements in brain circulation, and rectification of internal disorders. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36-amino-acid peptide, is known to increase appetite. In the present study, the effect of acupuncture stimulation at Zusanli (St.36) on NPY expression in the Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic r...

Acute retinal necrosis (ARN) is a fulminant necrotizing form of retinitis of viral origin. Without treatment, ARN leads to the irreversible blindness by destruction of the retina and the optic nerve. The clinical observation was first described under the term Kirisawa uveitis (Urayama et al., 1971) while the term acute retinal necrosis was introduced by Young & Bird (1978). The international di...

AIM To determine the incidence, methods of diagnosis, treatment strategies and outcomes for acute retinal necrosis (ARN) in the UK. METHODS A 12-month active case ascertainment study was carried out between March 2001 and March 2002 to record cases of ARN presenting to ophthalmologists via the British Ophthalmological Surveillance Unit (BOSU) reporting system. Questionnaires were sent to the ...

Polymyxins, which are increasingly being used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria, perform poorly against Serratia marcescens. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, Tn5 mutagenesis was performed and two mutants exhibiting increased polymyxin B (PB) susceptibility were isolated. The mutants were found to have Tn5 inserted into the arnB and arnC genes. In other bacteria...