a Laboratory for Climate Studies, National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China b Shanghai Climate Center, Shanghai, China c Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China d State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, ...

Bacterial viral capsids in aqueous solution can be opened in vitro by addition of their specific receptor proteins, with consequent full ejection of their genomes. We demonstrate that it is possible to control the extent of this ejection by varying the external osmotic pressure. In the particular case of bacteriophage lambda, the ejection is 50% inhibited by osmotic pressures (of polyethylene g...

Laboratory experiments permit quantifying the effects of an atmosphere on cratering efficiency by hypervelocity impacts. Three separable processes have been identified: ambient a mospheric p essure, a rodynamic drag, and pr.•ectile-atmosphere interactions. The effect of ambient atmosphere can be described by a dimensionless pressure ratio, P/By/" for a pressure P, target density 8, and impact v...

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) technique for stand-off detection of geological samples for use on landers and rovers to Mars, and for other space applications. For space missions, LIBS analysis capabilities must be investigated and instrumental development is required to take into account constraints such as size, weight, power...

The surface heat transfer efficiency of three heating media (water, and forced air with and without a water vapor-pressure deficit) was compared using four commodities: mango, papaya, grapefruit, and orange. Forced vapor-saturated-air (VFA), and water (HW) transferred heat most efficiently to the fruit surface. Thermal stress to the fruit was greatest during heating in VFA. Thermal diffusivity ...