Automatic behaviour can be defined as a fast processing human activity that does not require attention to occur. According to Norman and Shallice’s model of attention and automaticity the majority of responses are under fairly automatic control triggered by environmental cues. In this paper we define a process algebraic framework to formalise Norman and Shallice’s model and illustrate it throug...

Despite the evident progress in the evolution of formal methh ods, they are still very diicult to use. One reason is the lack of paradigms explaining how to make a good use of a particular method. We try to explain some of these paradigms in the case of the B method and exemm plify them in the speciication and the implementation of an Automatic Teller machine.

MSC+ is a generalization of hierarchical message sequence charts (hMSCs) having the capability to specify preemptive features such as watchdogs, generalized coregion and forbidden scenarios. In this paper, we shall illustrate the applications of MSC+ to the specification of reactive systems through the example of an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM). We shall bring out the additional advantage of ...

The importance of automatic methods has increased greatly for paper currency recognition due to the development of modern banking services like automated teller machine (ATM) and automatic goods seller machines. For a machine, it is a challenge to recognize paper currency whether it is of 10, 20, 50, 100, 500 or 1000. Various method or algorithm has been applied to overcome this challenge and i...

ABSTRAK. Lokasi Automatic Teller Machine Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk (ATM BSI) dapat dianalisis dengan mengambil beberapa data sesuai faktor pendukung yang akan digunakan. Faktor salah satu metode klasifikasi mining yaitu Desicion Tree untuk menentukan lokasi strategis ATM BSI sudah didirikan. adalah pada berupa pohon keputusan menyelesaikan permasalahan diperoleh dan menghasilkan aturan-aturan ...

Security is a vital issue in the usage of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) for cash, cashless and many off the counter banking transactions. Weaknesses in the use of ATM machine could not only lead to loss of customer’s data confidentiality and integrity but also breach in the verification of user’s authentication. Several challenges are associated with the use of ATM smart card such as: card clo...

There is a clear conflict between IT self-regulating ability and state regulation, which is easily perceivable through the apprehension one can feel in front of an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) when it comes the moment when cash should be dispensed, or through the concerns raised by last innovations in the area of operating systems (e.g. Windows XP, where the software for the needs of its func...

In this paper, we describe how formal speci…cation is adopted to improve the commonly used veri…cation and validation technique known as program inspection, in order to establish a more rigorous, repeatable, and e¢ cient inspection process than the conventional practice. We present a systematic approach to inspecting program code on the basis of the relation between functional scenarios de…ned ...