Parents, educators and researchers have expressed concern about the long term impacts of children carrying excessive loads in their backpacks on a daily basis. Although many researchers have investigated appropriate weight limits for children's packs, little research has been conducted on the design of children's backpacks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in children's tru...

In this paper, we describe an evolution of the Backpack mixin package system which respects the division between package manager and compiler in the Haskell ecosystem: Backpack’16. Programs written in Backpack’16 are processed in two phases: first, a mixin linking phase which computes a “wiring diagram” of components indifferent to the actual Haskell source code, and then a typechecking phase o...

Background: Nowadays, backpack is the best and most commonly used tool for carrying books and stationery by students. There are huge evidences which confirmed that carrying method of school backpack influences on the students’ health status. The aim of this study was to determine of features of backpack carrying methods by schoolchildren.Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conduc...

The present study investigated the impact of backpack load carried on pelvic kinematics. 10 participants participated in this study. This included dynamic activities where the participant walked on a treadmill with 0%, 17% and 25% bodyweight (BW) loads using 2 backpack options (Ergonomically designed and conventional backpack). The subjects also completed 90 seconds of quiet standing. The resul...

Drawing on the embodied simulation account of emotional information processing, we argue that the physical experience of weight is associated with the emotional experience of guilt and thus that weight intensifies the experience of guilt. Across four studies, we found that participants who wore a heavy backpack experienced higher levels of guilt as compared to those who wore a light backpack. A...

This paper describes an investigation into the biomechanical effects of load carriage dynamics on human locomotion performance. A whole body, inverse dynamics gait model has been developed which uses only kinematic input data to define the gait cycle. To provide input data, three-dimensional gait measurements have been conducted to capture whole body motion while carrying a backpack. A nonlinea...

Drawing on the embodied simulation account of emotional information processing, we argue that the physical experience of weight is associated with the emotional experience of guilt and thus that weight intensifies the experience of guilt. Across 4 studies, we found that participants who wore a heavy backpack experienced higher levels of guilt compared to those who wore a light backpack. Additio...

The current study investigated whether children and adults can distinguish between actions they are afforded and those afforded to an actor. Participants judged the maximum height they could reach while jumping and they judged the maximum height that the actor could reach while jumping. They did so with and without a weighted backpack, and they did so with and without walking several laps. Resu...