iran, between third to fifth centuries ad, witnessed one of the urbanization boom periods in his history. in this period, iranian towns were capable of commodity exchange and  manufacturing  products. in this context, growth of knowledge and rationalism , moderation in politics, community participation, growth and development of the intellectual trends and movements caused rationality and reaso...

at early period of ghobad’s reign, sassanid king (486-531ad), an important movement occurred, headed by mazdak, for several social, economic and political reasons so that the king supported it in order to weaken the position of great figures and clergymen as well. naturally, important people opposed the given movement and dethroned ghobad king from power and he managed to resume his reign again...

as one of the most important and fundamental concepts in the divine religions, eternity and immortality after death has always been paid too much attention by religious thinkers mainly muslim scholars and mystics from philosophical, mystical ,theological, and quranic approaches. since mulla sadra's transcendent theosophy is not far from islamic mysticism and even some parts of its general ...

1. introduction according to the main text of shahnameh, the sasanian yazdgerd iii after awareness of defeated his armies toward arabs and to be killed rostam farrukhzad, he consults with the elders of court and says to them “he wants to go of baghdad to marv and stay near ruler there mahoe suri that he is his bred. farrukhzad one of the leaders of that community to yazdgerd says: که این را ی...

1. introduction one of the features of oral poetry in aryan-indo-european tribes is the usage of epithets in their epic and religious works. after conducting research in oral poetry in yugoslavia and comparing results with literary features of iliad and odyssey, researchers concluded that these epithets along with the name of characters are based on formulas. homer had learned these formulas fr...