recently, a variety of soils contaminated with heavy metals e.g. cr (vi), have been found in industrial sites. such soil contamination is widely distributed in the world and has now become a serious issue for environment. hexavalent chromium, cr (vi), which is known to be carcinogenic and mutagenic to living organisms, has been utilized for leather tanning, electroplating and in other industrie...

we describe a simple model that fits well with iranian economy, and extends a methodology which chary at el. (2007) demonstrated. in addition to four traditional wedges, we introduce additional trade wedge. we then evaluate the contribution of these wedges to the fluctuations in iran during last three years. because of international sanction, trading cost increases, and firms have difficulty to...

A barrier option is an option whose payoff depends on whether the price path of the underlying asset ever reaches certain predetermined price levels called the barriers. A single(double-) barrier option is a barrier option with one (two, respectively) barrier(s). No simple and exact closed-form pricing formula for double-barrier options has been reported in the literature. This paper proposes a...

Recently, the modelling investigation on thin film chalcogenide solar cells has been focused on the front region of the devices as a possible source of fill factor losses through a light dependent barrier modulation. We present a model based on a modulated barrier photodiode in series with the main junction, which consistently explains apparent quantum efficiency measurements and, light and dar...

0.1016/j.nanoen.2 lsevier Ltd. All rig thor. [email protected] Abstract We propose and demonstrate the beneficial use of minority carrier blocking layers to lessen bipolar conduction at elevated temperatures and increase the Seebeck coefficient in a thermoelectric material. Bipolar conduction, caused by thermally activated intrinsic carriers in semiconductors, causes a detrimental “roll-over” in ...