In an influenTial 1985 essay, fRedRic Jameson aRgues ThaT The nineteenth-century poems of Charles Baudelaire foreshadow de- velopments in twentieth-century styles, anticipating not only a high modernist “dissolution of the referent” but also a postmodernist “world of the image, of textual free-play, the world of consumer so- ciety and its simulacra” (255–56). Jameson’s reading necessitate...