ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to propose a method that will generate a causal explanation of observed events in an uncertain world and then make decisions based on that explanation. Feedback can cause the explanation and decisions to be modified. I call the method Theory-Based Inductive Learning (T-BIL). T-BIL integrates deductive learning, based on a technique called Explanation-Bas...

BACKGROUND In Phase 2/3 studies of basal insulin peglispro (BIL) compared to insulin glargine, patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes previously treated with insulin and randomized to BIL had an increase in serum triglycerides (TGs). To further understand lipoprotein changes, a lipid substudy which included liver fat content was designed to assess relationships among the measured variables for...

BACKGROUND To identify possible differences in cardiovascular (CV) risk among different insulin therapies, we performed pre-specified meta-analyses across the clinical program for basal insulin peglispro (BIL), in patients randomized to treatment with BIL or comparator insulin [glargine (IG) or NPH]. METHODS One phase 2 (12-week) and 6 phase 3 (26 to 78-week) randomized studies of BIL compare...

Basal insulin peglispro (BIL) is a novel basal insulin with hepato-preferential action, resulting from reduced peripheral effects. This report summarizes hypoglycaemia data from five BIL phase III studies with insulin glargine as the comparator, including three double-blind trials. Prespecified pooled analyses (n = 4927) included: patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving basal insulin only...

INTRODUCTION Lack of control in diabetic patients has stimulated the development of new insulin analogues. One of these was basal insulin peglispro (BIL) or LY2605541; it had a large hydrodynamic size, flat pharmacokinetic profile, half life of 2-3 days and acted preferably in the liver. METHODS We reviewed the recent literature examining the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy and s...

BACKGROUND We investigated the differences in serum biochemistry levels between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. We provide reference values of serum biochemistry levels for 4-week-old (w/o) and 8 w/o infants for future clinical applications. METHODS Sixty healthy infants were enrolled in this study (30 infants were included in the breast-fed and formula-fed groups, respectively). During h...

Liver function tests (LFTs) are a major indicator for assessing the hepatic condition. HIV/AIDS affect the whole body’s system in a progressive manner which deteriorates various metabolic functions. This preliminary work is aimed to assess the effect of HIV/AIDS on liver function parameters including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanineamino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), s...

Introduction: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic disease that results from the inflammation and destruction of intra- and extra-hepatic bile ducts and fibrosis which can lead to cirrhosis. The purpose of this report is to provide the clinical experience of Iranian traditional medicine with the best therapeutic effect within the shortest time. <s...