Abstract Pesticides are chemicals that have been specifically synthesised to “ kill pests, including insects, rodents, fungi and unwanted plants ” (WHO, WHO (World Health Organisation) (2020) The recommended classification of pesticides by hazard guidelines classification, 2019 edition. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240005662 [Accessed 19 Aug 2020]). They generally u...

MICs of six broad-spectrum biocides and two specific metabolic inhibitors and fractional inhibitory concentration indexes (FICIs) for controlling a sulfide-producing consortium were determined. Nitrite was synergistic (FICI<1) with all but one biocide due to its specific inhibition of dissimilatory sulfite reductase. Hence, combining nitrite with biocides allows more efficient and cost-effectiv...

OBJECTIVES The MBCs of three commonly used hospital biocides [containing quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), chlorhexidine gluconate and triclosan] were determined for clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, which were also screened for genes encoding Qac efflux pumps. METHODS MBCs were determined by broth microdilution for 94 clinical isolates of S. aureus, including 38 hospital-acquir...

Fertilization and embryo development that occur in sea water are sensitive to xenobiotics from anthropogenic sources. In this work, we evaluated the influence of two antifouling biocides, tributyltin (TBT) and diuron, on the reproductive mechanisms of the marine invertebrate Ciona intestinalis. By using electrophysiological techniques, we examined the impact of these compounds on the electrical...

To date there are no clear criteria to determine whether a microbe is susceptible to biocides or not. As a starting point for distinguishing between wild-type and resistant organisms, we set out to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) distributions for four common biocides; triclosan, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine and sodium hy...

BACKGROUND Directive 98/8/EC harmonizes and regulates in the European market authorization and registration of biocides and establishes a period of 14 years for review of active substances. This study analyzes the most significant changes produced in the registry of biocides used as disinfectants registered since the publication of the Directive. METHOD Information was obtained from the regis...

AIMS The aim of this study was to determine whether passaging Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 with sub-MICs of the pyrithione biocides results in both the induction of decreased susceptibility towards these antimicrobials and associated outer membrane profile changes. METHODS AND RESULTS Previous work by this group has shown that it is possible to induce susceptibility changes towards the isothia...

Low-level plasmid-mediated resistance to cationic biocides such as chlorhexidine (CHX), quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), amidines, and acridines has been observed in antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (1, 4, 5), and it has been postulated that strains in which qac genes are present might have enhanced survival in the clinical environment. E...