Currently, the biologic sciences are a Tower of Babel, having become so highly specialized that one discipline cannot effectively communicate with another. A mechanism for evolution that integrates development and physiologic homeostasis phylogenetically has been identified-cell-cell interactions. By reducing this process to ligand-receptor interactions and their intermediate down-stream signal...

introduction: complicated crown- root fractures, extended caries and iatrogenic destruction often result in insufficient sound tooth structures and compromise the biologic width. two common options for re-establishing flap with osseous surgery. although some advantages are related to these two options, but coronal movement of gingival and alveolar bone in orthodontic extrusion, esthetic problem...

A new specimen of the early bird Archaeopteryx shows remarkable plumage preservation, including pennaceous leg feathers. But whether birds went through a four-winged stage, and in what exact functional context feathers evolved remains a matter of debate.

Advanced titanosaurian sauropods, such as nemegtosaurids and saltasaurids, were diverse and one of the most important groups of herbivores in the terrestrial biotas of the Late Cretaceous. However, little is known about their rise and diversification prior to the Late Cretaceous. Furthermore, the evolution of their highly-modified skull anatomy has been largely hindered by the scarcity of well-...

A modification of the saturation model of deep inelastic scattering at small x which includes the Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) evolution is presented. Significant improvement of the description of the structure function F 2 at large Q 2 is achieved and a good description of diffractive data is preserved.