background: the intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus haemoproteus occur in different avian hosts all over the world. various genus of blood sucking insects’ families such as hippoboscidae and ceratopogonidae could transmit haemoproteus in avian hosts. there are very limited number of studies on wild infected birds with blood parasites in iran, so the aim of this study was to determine...

The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported an outbreak of Avian Influenza in birds in several countries in Asia. Avian influenza is a contagious viral infection with a potential to affect all species of birds, and rare transfer to humans. Avian influenza virus has 15 known types that infect wild bird populations (mainly water birds). In wild birds this infection is without symptoms, there...

Most highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV) emerge after field passage of non-pathogenic AIVs in birds. The outbreak of low-pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus in Italy during 1999-2000 followed by outbreak of highly pathogenic H7N1 avian influenza virus is one example in this regard. This experiment has been designed to investigate the effect of pre-infection of birds with LPAI on s...

The aim of this study was to determine the threonine requirement of broilers during a subclinical Clostridium infection. Three experiments were performed: experiments 1 and 2 to investigate the dose-response of threonine supplementation during infection and experiment 3 to validate the threonine requirement during infection. In each experiment, 1-d-old Ross 308 male broilers were used. An infec...

Since the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in the eastern hemisphere, numerous surveillance programs and studies have been undertaken to detect the occurrence, distribution, or spread of avian influenza viruses (AIV) in wild bird populations worldwide. To identify demographic determinants and spatiotemporal patterns of AIV infection in long distance migratory waterfowl in...

Avian bornavirus (ABV) has been identified as the cause of proventricular dilatation disease in birds, but the virus is also found in healthy birds. Most studies of ABV have focused on captive birds. We investigated 86 free-ranging psittacine birds in Brazil and found evidence for natural, long-term ABV infection.

avian intestinal spirochaetosis (ais) is a condition arising from colonization of the caeca and colon of birds with anaerobic spirochaetes of the genus brchyspira. the purpose of the present study was to evaluate pcr amplification from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue method for detecting infected laying hens with brachyspira pilosicoli  with the same primers that have been used for det...

OVERVIEW West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic mosquito-borne virus with a broad host range that infects mainly birds and mosquitos, but also mammals (including humans), reptiles, amphibians and ticks. It is maintained in a bird-mosquito-bird transmission cycle. The most important vectors are bird-feeding mosquitos of the Culex genus; maintenance and amplification mainly involve passerine birds. ...

Spondylitis is a reemerging epidemic spinal infection in male broiler chickens (5 to 7 weeks of age) as well as broiler breeder roosters (15 to 18 weeks of age). Among various causative agents, Enterococcus species and in particular E. cecorum, a gram-positive bacterium as a gastrointestinal flora of birds, have mostly been isolated. On late September 2015, a number of 10 week...