BACKGROUND The identification of safe and effective alternatives to blood transfusion is a public health priority. In sub-Saharan Africa, blood shortage is a cause of mortality and morbidity. Blood transfusion can also transmit viral infections. Giving tranexamic acid (TXA) to bleeding surgical patients has been shown to reduce both the number of blood transfusions and the volume of blood trans...

Abstract Supply and distribution management of blood products is a challenging task due to their short lifespan. The problem even more sophisticated considering uncertain demand for these products. This paper addresses integrated inventory-routing in supply chain network consisting single supplier group centers. Transshipment among centers allowed decrease the cost excess inventory shortage goo...

Heroin use causes considerable harm to individual users including dependence, fatal and nonfatal overdose, mental health problems, and blood borne virus transmission. It also adversely affects the community through drug dealing, property crime and reduced public amenity. During the mid to late 1990s in Australia the prevalence of heroin use increased as reflected in steeply rising overdose deat...

O The main reasons for the lack of faculty to meet the demand for more nurses include the increased age of the current faculty and the declining number of years ieft to teach, expected increases in facuity retirements, less compensation for academic teaching than positions in clinical areas for master's-prepared nurses, and finaiiy, not enough master's and doctoral-prepared nurses to fiii the n...