Boldness is the propensity of an animal to engage in risky behavior. Many variations of novel-object or novel-environment tests have been used to quantify the boldness of animals, although the relationship between test outcomes has rarely been investigated. Furthermore, the relationship of outcomes to any ecological aspect of fitness is generally assumed, rather than measured directly. Our stud...

Differences in boldness are common between populations or between related species and are discussed as part of individual coping style, personality, or behavioral syndrome. Boldness has been found to be dependent on experience, social, and environmental contexts. The major aim of the present study was to establish an experimental environment that would allow analyzing the risk-taking behavior o...

Boldness, a measure of an individual's propensity for taking risks, is an important determinant of fitness but is not necessarily a fixed trait. Dependent upon an individual's state, and given certain contexts or challenges, individuals may be able to alter their inclination to be bold or shy in response. Furthermore, the degree to which individuals can modulate their behaviour has been linked ...

This study (1) investigated variation among populations and the effects of sex and body size on boldness, activity and shoal-association tendency among wild zebrafish, and (2) tested for existence of correlations between behaviours, controlling for sex and body size. Individuals across four natural populations were tested for general activity in a novel situation, number of predator inspections...

Each person’s characteristics may influence that behaviors and outcomes. This study builds uses a new database to estimate experts’ performance boldness based on their experience characteristics. Our classifies experts providing inflation forecasts education, experience, gender, environment. We provide alternative interpretations of factors affecting forecasting performance, boldness, pessimism...

During recent years, studies of animal personalities and behavioural syndromes have received a wide attention among behavioural ecologists. One of the key aims of the field has been to understand the emergence and maintenance of animal personalities in independent populations. Animal personality is defined as consistent betweenindividual differences in behaviour across time and / or across cont...

This study examines the impact of boldness on foraging competition highly invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus Pallas 1815. Individual risk tolerance, or boldness, was measured as time to resume movement after a simulated predation strike. Fish that resumed faster were categorized bold, fish took more shy and those fell in between these two categories determined have intermediate boldness...

Abstract Boldness is an important trait in wild populations, and among-individual differences can link to individual fitness. The strength direction of relationships between behavioral life-history traits may however vary according environmental conditions, where fluctuating selection acting on contributes the maintenance personality differences. We explored sources variation Arctic fox ( Vulpe...