The simulation of multi-layer rough surfaces is an indispensable step in passive radiation imaging, to which little attention has been paid so far. Based on the existing model of brightness temperature tracing described in our recent works, diffused transmission of the bottom layer is taken into account in the improved model which is presented in this paper. Then, a method called multi-layer br...

Giant radio pulses of the millisecond pulsar B1937+21 were recorded with the S2 VLBI system at 1.65 GHz with NASA/JPL’s 70-m radio telescope at Tidbinbilla, Australia. These pulses have been observed as strong as 65 000 Jy with widths ≤ 15 ns, corresponding to a brightness temperature Tb ≥ 5 · 10 39 K, the highest observed in the universe. The vast majority of these pulses occur in a 5.8 μs and...

Loeb & Zaldarriaga (2003) have recently proposed that observations of the CMBR brightness temperature fluctuations produced by the HI inhomogeneities prior to reionization hold the promise of probing the primordial power spectrum to a hitherto unprecedented level of accuracy. This requires a precise quantification of the relation between density perturbations and brightness temperature fluctuat...

The predicted infrared brightness temperature of Mars using the 1976 model of Wright is tabulated here for the period 1983 to 2103. This model was developed for far-infrared calibration, and is still being used for JCMT calibration. Subject headings: Mars, infrared

The world’s first satellite dedicated to soil moisture measurement was launched by the European Space Agency on 2nd November 2009. One objective of this Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission is to obtain global near-surface (top ~5 cm) soil moisture every 2 to 3 days with a target accuracy of 0.04 m/m. To achieve this goal, the Microwave Imaging Radiometer with Aperture Synthesis (MIR...

A sensitive search for CO emission from the Low Surface Brightness Galaxy Malin 1 has yielded negative results. The nucleus and several positions corresponding to regions of star formation in the disk were observed in the CO(1– 0) and CO(2–1) lines with no detection. Use of a " standard " N (H 2)/I CO(1−0) conversion factor yields M H2 /M HI < 0.03. However, rather than argue that there is very...

The radiation broadening of narrow maser lines by its own emission which can also be described as resonance Self-Stark effect puts an upper limit on the brightness temperature of cosmic masers. It is shown that available measurements of the brightness temperature of OH and water masers are consistent with the observed narrow line widths only if the maser emission is highly directive.

Space-borne passive microwave radiometers are widely used to retrieve information in snowy regions by exploiting the high sensitivity of microwave emission to snow properties. For the Antarctic Plateau, many studies presenting retrieval algorithms or numerical simulations have assumed, explicitly or not, that the subpixel-scale heterogeneity is negligible and that the retrieved properties were ...

Retrieved profiles of temperature, water vapor, and cloud liquid water are obtained through neural net inversions of the brightness temperatures, where the neural net is trained using radiosonde soundings and corresponding forward modeled brightness temperatures. An observation operator has also been developed for the direct assimilation of the measured brightness temperatures, using the forwar...