We aggregated data on butterfly-host plant associations from existing sources in order to address the following questions: (1) is there a general correlation between host diversity and butterfly species richness?, (2) has the evolution of host plant use followed consistent patterns across butterfly lineages?, (3) what is the common ancestral host plant for all butterfly lineages? The compilatio...

ABSTRACT Novel realizations of reversible logic transforms using reversible butterfly diagrams are presented. Two design methods are shown using: (1) classical Kronecker recursion, and (2) parallel orderings of new classes of reversible butterfly diagrams. Quantum circuits that realize the new classes of butterfly diagrams are also introduced. Since the reduction of power consumption is a major...

This study examines butterfly larval host plants, herbivory and related life history attributes within Nagpur City, India. The larval host plants of 120 butterfly species are identified and their host specificity, life form, biotope, abundance and perennation recorded; of the 126 larval host plants, most are trees (49), with fewer herbs (43), shrubs (22), climbers (7) and stem parasites (2). Th...

Butterfly valve is a flow control device, which is used to regulate the fluid flowing through a piping system. Analysis and optimization are of special importance in the design and usage of butterfly valves. A proper selection of a Butterfly valve would require the knowledge of its characteristics and robustness. Normally this information used to be obtained from experimental tests. However the...

Children's ability to interpret color adjective noun phrases (e.g., red butterfly) as contrastive was examined in an eyetracking study with 6-year-old Russian children. Pitch accent placement (on the adjective red, or on the noun butterfly) was compared within a visual context containing two red referents (a butterfly and a fox) when only one of them had a contrast member (a purple butterfly) o...

This paper proposes and analyzes a novel interconnection network called Butterfly-de-Bruijn, which is a Product of wrap-around Butterfly and de Bruijn Networks. This new network, as a product of Butterfly (Bn) and de Bruijn (Dn) networks of degree n and denoted as BnDn, provides the connection among n2 2 nodes with a diameter of |_3n/2_|, same as butterfly network, and a constant node degree of...

This paper introduces the interpolative butterfly factorization for nearly optimal implementation of several transforms in harmonic analysis, when their explicit formulas satisfy certain analytic properties and the matrix representations of these transforms satisfy a complementary low-rank property. A preliminary interpolative butterfly factorization is constructed based on interpolative low-ra...

The Hofstadter butterfly, a quantum fractal made up of integers describing quantum Hall states, is shown to be related to an integral Apollonian gasket with D3 symmetry. This mapping unfolds as the self-similar butterfly landscape is found to describe a close packing of (Ford) circles that represent rational flux values and is characterized in terms of an old ((300BC) problem of mutually tangen...

Children’s ability to interpret color adjective noun phrases (e.g., red butterfly) as contrastive was examined in an eyetracking study with 6-year-old Russian children. Pitch accent placement (on the adjective red, or on the noun butterfly) was compared within a visual context containing two red referents (a butterfly and a fox) when only one of them had a contrast member (a purple butterfly) o...

The Neotropical butterfly Dryas iulia has been collected from several locations in Thailand and Malaysia since 2007, and has been observed breeding in the wild, using introduced Passiflora foetida as a larval host plant. The butterfly is bred by a butterfly house in Phuket, Thailand, for release at weddings and Buddhist ceremonies, and we hypothesized that this butterfly house was the source of...