centuries. Starting from the pre-Islamic era in the 6th century AD and extending to the 16th Century AD when the Ottoman Sultan Salim I in 1516 AD invaded and destroyed the Mamluk Dynasty in Syria and Egypt extending the Ottoman Empire into North Africa. The language of science at the time was Arabic. Many scientists and physicians throughout the Muslim Empire taught and wrote in Arabic. This w...

The article has a history of religions approach, and analyzes the “counter-narrative” Hizb ut-Tahrir, which is global political Islamist group aims to establish universal caliphate. It “vocal radical” radical group, rejecting use violence. against democracy, secularization liberal values, promotes return “true Islam”, obliges Muslims caliphate, ruled by divine will. analysis ideology will conte...

in the 2nd half of the 6th century a.h., when the isma'ili caliphate in egypt was in the worst political situation, a series of political sunni figures managed to reach the important position of vizara some times. they, who were sympathetic towards the sunni caliphate of abbasids in baghdad and eventually made the fatimid caliphate to fall, during their vizara for fatimid dynasty, had to h...

After the fall of Islamic State’s self-declared Caliphate in Syria and Iraq, understanding how Salafi-jihadist environments West mobilize new ways has become urgent. This study is based on unique hard-to-reach data from qualitative interviews with returned Swedish ISIS fighters, previous members environment, friends acquaintances persons engaged a former jihadist recruiter. It explores post-Cal...