PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of 40% nitrous oxide/60% oxygen inhalation with scavenging on the behavioral and physiological parameters during routine pediatric dental procedures. METHODS Twenty-two subjects, aged 60-116 months, were randomized into a double blind, cross-over study design and administered alternately either 40% nitrous oxide/60% oxygen or 10...

Monitoring the carbon dioxide exhaust of an oxygenator is an inexpensive method to accurately predict and control the arterial carbon dioxide tension during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the exhaust ventilating gas (p exCO 2) was continuously monitored from the capnograph port of the Sorin Monolyth oxygenator during CPB. At the time of routine arteria...

Volumetric capnography is a standard method to determine pulmonary dead space. Hereby, measured carbon dioxide (CO2) in exhaled gas volume is analyzed using the single-breath diagram for CO2. Unfortunately, most existing CO2 sensors do not work with the low tidal volumes found in small animals. Therefore, in this study, we developed a new mainstream capnograph designed for the utilization in sm...

Evidence is accumulating that non-anesthesiologist-administered propofol (NAAP) sedation has a safety and efficacy profile comparable or superior to that provided by benzodiazepines with or without opioids. The guidelines currently available emphasize the importance of appropriate patient selection, staff training, monitoring, and low-dose sedation protocols for NAAP safety. In addition, capnog...

The use of sidestream capnometers, with a sampling rate of 150-250 cc/min, as a means of measuring a patient's expired CO2 (ETCO2) and respiratory rate, has been a common practice for many years. However, in recent years, there has been a focus on lower flow rate sampling sidestream systems due to the benefits of less loss of tidal volume for patients, such as infants or neonates. When developi...

Today, the world has witnessed increasing development in various fields, including industry and medicine. One of the best ways to achieve these objectives is the integration of different sciences including electronics, robotics and medicine. Ventilator set that provides respiratory function for patients get smarter and more capable than older generations, during mechanical ventilation to preven...

The search for a reliable and accurate respiratory rate monitor for use in non-intubated patients has proved to be a long and fruitless one. A new device fulfilling the criteria for such a monitor has recently been described. The pyroelectric polymer (PEP) device is safe, non-invasive, and cheap. In this study the PEP device, transthoracic impedance, and standard observer counting were all comp...