Adenine nucleotides—adenosine monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate—are of utmost importance to all living organisms, where they play a critical role in the energy metabolism are tied allosteric regulation various regulatory enzymes. Adenylate charge represents precise relationship between concentrations adenosine triphosphate indicates amount metabolic available an organism. The experim...

1 Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, S-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden 2 Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK 3 WNSL, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA 4 Department of Physics, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey 5 Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 6 Clark University, Worcester, MA, 01610-1477, USA 7 Institute of Physical...

L. Pisani,1 J. A. Chan,1 B. Montanari,2 and N. M. Harrison1,3 1Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom 2CCLRC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom 3CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, United Kingdom Received 7 November 2006; revised manuscript received 28 Nov...

The freshwater shrimp species Caridina cucphuongensis (family Atyidae) was poorly described by Dang (1980). Moreover, the taxonomic status of this is hard to verify as types have been lost. This study provides a redescription and designation neotype specimen. Dang, 1980 characterized short rostrum with large teeth on dorsal margin, long stylocerite, subrectangular endopod male first pleopod, ap...

The atyid shrimp Caridina linduensis Roux, 1904, has not been reported since its description more than a century ago. We here redescribe and figure this poorly known species based on new material from its type locality, Lake Lindu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Two new species, C. dali sp. nov. and C. kaili sp. nov. are also found in this lake and they are described and illustrated. Compared to ...

In order to understand and protect ecosystems, local gene pools need to be evaluated with respect to their uniqueness. Cryptic species present a challenge in this context because their presence, if unrecognized, may lead to serious misjudgement of the distribution of evolutionarily distinct genetic entities. In this study, we describe the current geographical distribution of cryptic species of ...

Shrimp-sponge associations occur frequently in marine ecosystems, serving as model systems for the evolution of eusociality. Here, we describe the first known instance of such association in freshwater from an ancient lake in Indonesia. The shrimp Caridina spongicola forms an exclusive and probably commensal association with a yet undescribed spongillinid sponge. Phylogenetic and ecological dat...

Among the many biological responses studied in ecotoxicology, energy-based biomarkers such as digestive enzyme activities and energy reserves appear to be useful predictive tools for detecting physiological disturbances in organisms. However, the use of these biological responses as biomarkers could be limited by the effects of confounding factors (biotic and abiotic) and physiological processe...

S.L. Smith, B.D. Muratori, H.L. Owen, CCLRC Daresbury Laboratory Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK G.H. Hoffstaetter Cornell University, Ithaca, New York V.N. Litvinenko,I. Ben-Zvi, M. Bai, J. Beebe-Wang, M. Blaskiewicz, J.M. Brennan, R.Calaga, W. Fischer, X.Y. Chang, D. Kayran, J. Kewisch, W.W. MacKay, C. Montag, B.Parker,V.Ptitsyn, T. Roser, A. Ruggiero, T. Satogata, B. Surrow,...