Antibiotic-loaded bone cements, including poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and calcium sulfate (CaSO4), are often used for treatment of orthopaedic infections involving Staphylococcus spp., although the effectiveness of this treatment modality may be limited due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and/or the development of biofilms within surgical sites. Gallium(III) is an iron analog ...

Chemical characterization of scaling and removal processes was performed in real time via Raman spectroscopy a bench-scale reverse osmosis (RO) system. A custom RO cross-flow cell integrated with microscope objective, allowing for analysis localized membrane scale removal. Permeate flux also measured to provide real-time metric comparison. commercial flat sheet, thin-film composite (TFC RO) sca...

Successful healing of a nine-year tibial nonunion resistant to six previous surgical procedures was achieved by tissue engineering. We used autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) expanded to 5 x 10(6) cells after three weeks' tissue culture. Calcium sulphate (CaSO4) in pellet form was combined with these cells at operation. The nonunion was clinically and radiologically healed two months ...

According to the classical view, a plant cell is a metabolic microcosm separated from the medium without by a membrane, the plasmalemma, which acts as a permeability barrier to polar solutes including inorganic ions. Many such solutes nevertheless are taken into the cell. This phenomenon is commonlv thought to be due, not to diffusion of the free ions across the plasmalemma, but to the operatio...

The degree of III-CaSO4 to II-CaSO4 transition was estimated on wet specimens, 25 mm in diameter and 50 mm high, prepared from a gypsum-bonded investment for quick casting. After 30 min from mixing the specimens were heated in a 700 degrees C furnace until a specimen temperature of 200 degrees C to 700 degrees C was reached. The estimation was made by measuring mass changes of the specimens bef...