This paper studies the characteristics of synchronous ordering of messages. Synchronous ordering of messages deenes synchronous communication based on the causality relation rather than time. We present the necessary characteristics of any algorithm providing deadlock-free synchronous ordering of the messages. We also present the suucient conditions, based on the causality relations, for any al...

the purpose of this paper is to investigate causality relationship between emission of carbon dioxide, the level of national income and energy consumption in iran consumption of fuel fossil as an input of production or as a final consumption which produces significant amount of pollution such as green house gases in the world. c02 emission is the most important green – house gases which has the...

OBJECTIVE It was repeatedly shown that lower income is associated with higher risks for subsequent obesity. However, the perspective of a potential reverse causality is often neglected, in which obesity is considered a cause for lower income, when obese people drift into lower-income jobs due to labour-market discrimination and public stigmatisation. This review was performed to explore the dir...

Hawking’s stable causality implies Sorkin and Woolgar’s K-causality. The work investigates the possible equivalence between the two causality requirements, an issue which was first considered by H. Seifert and then raised again by R. Low after the introduction of K-causality. First a new proof is given that a spacetime is stably causal iff the Seifert causal relation is a partial order. It is t...

Causal relations are of fundamental importance for human perception and reasoning. According to the nature of causality, causality has explicit and implicit forms. In the case of explicit form, causal-effect relations exist at either clausal or discourse levels. The implicit causal-effect relations heavily rely on empirical analysis and evidence accumulation. This paper proposes a comprehensive...

We argue that the health sciences make causal claims on the basis of evidence both of physical mechanisms and of probabilistic dependencies. Consequently, an analysis of causality solely in terms of physical mechanisms, or solely in terms of probabilistic relationships, does not do justice to the causal claims of these sciences. Yet there seems to be a single relation of cause in these sciences...

Identifying causal relations among simultaneously acquired signals is an important problem in multivariate time series analysis. For linear stochastic systems Granger proposed a simple procedure called the Granger causality to detect such relations. In this work we consider nonlinear extensions of Granger’s idea and refer to the result as Extended Granger Causality. A simple approach implementi...

The causal notions embodied in the concept of Granger causality have been argued to belong to a different category than those of Judea Pearl’s Causal Model, and so far their relation has remained obscure. Here, we demonstrate that these concepts are in fact closely linked by showing how each relates to straightforward notions of direct causality embodied in settable systems, an extension and re...

We show that the approach of Mazurkiewicz trace theory | modelling causalities between action occurrences using a global dependency relation | can be generalised to branching time semantics (modelling both causalities and points of choice). More precisely, we show that the usual notion of bisimulation coincides with history preserving bisimulation and that usual testing coincides with "causal t...

In this paper we report a behavioural experiment documenting that different lexicosyntactic formulations of the discourse relation of causation are deemed more or less acceptable by different categories of readers. We further report promising results for automatically selecting the formulation that is most appropriate for a given category of reader using supervised learning. This investigation ...