A quantitative bioassay employing immersion exposure was developed for the infection of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus with the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, commonly referred to as ich. This bioassay as well as waterborne challenge of channel catfish with channel catfish virus (CCV) was used to investigate the effect of confinement stress on the sensitivity of the fish ...

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the major pathway for ligand internalization into eukaryotic cells, is thought to be initiated by the clustering of clathrin and adaptors around receptors destined for internalization. However, here we report that the membrane-sculpting F-BAR domain-containing Fer/Cip4 homology domain-only proteins 1 and 2 (FCHo1/2) were required for plasma membrane clathrin-coate...

Channel catfish virus (CCV, Ictalurid herpesvirus 1) and CCV disease have been extensively studied. Yet, little is known about CCV-host interaction after resolution of the primary infection. In order to determine potential recrudescence of CCV from latency, we established latency by exposing channel catfish juveniles with CCV or a thymidine kinase-negative recombinant (CCVlacZ) at a dose that c...

Low-speed drive is one of the challenges for modular multilevel converters (MMCs) due to large capacitor voltage fluctuation. In this article, a cascaded MMC and cycloconverter (CCV) based machine system proposed ensure stable operation medium-voltage low-speed machine. The provides medium-frequency ac CCV, CCV converts input low-frequency output required by Detailed analysis about MMC's freque...

Chinese cultural values are important in understanding tourists’ behaviour. However, the literature is void of a relevant scale measuring tourism. This research aims to develop and validate tourism (abbreviated as CCV-T). Following rigorous development procedure applying multi-stage studies, identified 5-factor measurement CCV-T, composed 17 items with sufficient reliability validity. The five ...

Storage parenchyma cells of developing legume cotyledons actively transport large amounts of storage proteins to protein storage vacuoles (PSV). These proteins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum and pass through the Golgi apparatus. Clathrin coated vesicles (CCV) and small electron dense vesicles found near the trans-Golgi network (TGN) have both been implicated in the Golgi-to-vacuol...

Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that infects alveolar macrophages and replicates within a unique lysosome-derived vacuole. When Coxiella is trafficked to a host cell lysosome the essential Dot/Icm type IV secretion system is activated allowing over 130 bacterial effector proteins to be translocated into the host cytosol. This cohort of effectors is believed to manipulat...

The process of clathrin-coated vesicle (CCV) formation/disassembly has been studied intensively, and numerous proteins have been identified which aid this process. We have learnt a great deal about individual components of the CCV machinery, and now the ultimate aim is to elucidate the mechanisms regulating clathrin-mediated trafficking. One of the fundamental processes governing the complicate...

Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) facilitate the transport of cargo between the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, and the plasma membrane. This study presents the first comparative proteomics investigation of CCVs. A CCV-enriched fraction was isolated from HeLa cells and a "mock CCV" fraction from clathrin-depleted cells. We used a combination of 2D difference gel electrophoresis and isobaric tags ...

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), which is characterized by low incidence of distant metastases, is a common subtype of thyroid carcinoma. Metastases of the clear cell variant (CCV), one of the many PTC variants, are rare. A 73-year-old woman with a 2-year history of a growing subcutaneous tumor in the right temporal region of her skull was admitted to our hospital; the tumor was initially spe...