David Lewis famously pioneered a game-theoretic approach in which meaning is possible in signaling games if the agents can converge to a signaling system. In a signaling system success is guaranteed for the receivers reliably infer the correct state of the world from the message sent by the sender. Yet how likely are such outcomes? We employ a series of laboratory experiments to address this qu...

background: echinococcus multilocularis is a tiny tapeworm, responsible for 0.3~0.5 million alveolar echinococcosis in humans. methods: we searched relevant papers published between 1981 and 2013 based on the database sources such as pubmed and google scholar, and collected and integrated the data for analysis. results: the parasite is able to use host-originated molecules to modulate its devel...

The recent discovery that Frizzled proteins are receptor for Wnts has been quickly followed by the identification of a secreted protein, Frzb, that is related to Frizzled, expressed by the Spemann organizer in frog embryos and can bind to and antagonize Wnt developmental signalling molecules.

A message based comparative study between signaling system #7(SS7) and MFC Signaling is done. Here the limitations of SS7 and MFC signaling are also studied. The reasons for the transition from Multi-frequency Coded (MFC) Signaling to SS7 has been discussed.