Recognition of Odia handwritten and machine characters and numerals is an emerging area of research and finds extensive applications in banks, offices and industries. Very little standard research work has been reported on recognition of handwritten and machine characters and numerals. This paper makes an in depth study on the existing literature on recognition of machine and handwritten Odia c...

THEODORE J. WEIMAN On July 22, 2004, the House of Representatives passed the Marriage Protection Act of 2004, a bill that would strip the federal courts of jurisdiction over cases challenging the constitutionality of the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act. Two months later, the House passed a similar bill that would curtail federal court jurisdiction for challenges to the constitutionality of the Ple...

With the end of the Supermarket Revolution in the 1970s, new forms of horizontal, vertical, and geographic competition have appeared to chaflenge the supremacy of the supermarket format. New retail formats like warehouse stores, supercenters, and fast-food outlets appear to affect local retail supermarket prices. Slotting allowances, coupons, and electronic data gathering have intensified retai...

Interpretation of characters is a fundamental feature of human behavior. Even with limited information available, people will assign personality – even to inanimate objects. Characters in computer games will be attributed personality based on their appearance and behavior. The interpretation of these characters affects the whole game experience. Designing the protagonist character in computer g...

We raise the problem of the minorities' survival in the presence of positive network externalities. We rely on the example of thematic clubs to illustrate why and in which circumstances such survival problems might appear, …rst considering the case of simple network externalities and then the case of cross network externalities. Sonnac and Skerdilajda Zanaj for their comments and suggestions.

The novel Malekan-e- Azab is the latest published work by Abu Torab-e Khosravi. The significance which is always assumed by Khosravi for words and writing is conspicuously seen in this novel as well; however, the author’s attempt to develop novel atmosphere and techniques has added a new dimension of complexity. To fully appreciate this complication and to gain an understanding of the dis...

We consider whether Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries are mainly poor because they are governed worse than other countries, as suggested by recent studies on the supremacy of institutions. Our empirical results show that the supremacy of institutions does not hold. SSA countries appear to face specific development problems in addition to weak institutions. Given their geographic and economic ...

In the present paper the authors have introduced a new symmetric key cryptographic method where they have clubbed both bit level and byte level generalized modified vernam cipher method with feedback. Nath et al already developed methods bit level encryption standard(BLES) Ver-I and Ver-II where they have used extensive bit level permutation, bit exchange, bit xor and bit shift encryption metho...