The paper surveys the various economic costs associated with terrorism. Particularly important is the distinction between the direct and the indirect costs. While many terrorist attacks cause substantial amounts of property damage and create casualties, most of the costs associated with terrorism involve the indirect costs. Although terrorism can reduce a nation’s overall growth rate, the costs...

Web Publication: 06 February 2004 There should be no doubt by now that the challenge of terrorism has left an indelible mark on the world as we know it. From the 11 September 2001 assaults on the New York City World Trade Center and the US Pentagon to the daily carnage in Iraq, as the traditional Turkish expression goes, we are truly "living the history". No group is as intimately connected to ...

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For several years, the medical and public health communities have expressed concern over preparedness for terrorism attacks. In 1999, the Institute of Medicine recommended that simulation software be developed to provide interactive training for personnel involved in management of chemical or biological terrorism incidents [1]. A recent survey of 30 hospitals found that 73% were inadequately pr...

The volume of research on terrorism has increased since the events of September 11, 2001. However, efforts to develop a contextualized model incorporating cognitive, social-contextual, and affective factors as predictors of individual responses to this threat have been limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate a series of hypotheses drawn from such a model that was generated fro...

Dr. Bruce Hoffman is Director of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence and Chairman of the Department of International Relations, St. Andrews University, Scotland. The face of terrorism is changing. New adversaries, new motivations, and new rationales have surfaced in recent years to challenge the conventional wisdom on both terrorists and terrorism. More critically, perh...