The diketo acids are potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase (IN). Mutations in IN, T66I, S153Y, and M154I, as well as T66I-S153Y and T66I-M154I double mutations, confer resistance to diketo acids (D. J. Hazuda et al., Science 287:646-650, 2000). The effects of these IN mutations on viral replication, enzymatic activity, and susceptibility to other HIV inhibitors are r...

Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A) is the most lethal toxin among the Tier 1 Select Agents. Development of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors against BoNT/A zinc metalloprotease remains a challenging problem due to its exceptionally large substrate binding surface and conformational plasticity. The exosites of the catalytic domain of BoNT/A are intriguing alternative sites for...

Background: Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) technique has recently gain much attention for the extraction of biologically active compounds from plant tissues for analytical purposes, due to the limited use of organic solvents, its cost-effectiveness, ease-of-use and efficiency. An increase in temperature results in higher yields, however, issues with degradation of some metabolites (e.g...

Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) is a low-height perennial or biennial herb from the family of Asteraceae. Investigation different in vitro regeneration strategies Cichorium and increasing number secondary metabolites regenerated plant samples were aims research. Callus regenerations achieved basal growth media supplemented with regulators (PGRs). Whole was carried out by direct organogenesis lea...

The phenolic compounds in dandelion were extracted using different ethanol percentage solutions, identified with HPLC-MS, and their scavenging capabilities of DPPH, ABTS OH radicals determined. Then the excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy coupled parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was conveyed to analyze relationship between phenolics, components scores PARAFAC model antioxidan...