abstractbackgroundline of treatment for management of hydrocephalus despite available new techniques andsystems of shunting. associated complications should be recognized and managed properly,but the most recognized complications are shunt obstruction which its prevalencethrough surgical approach is discussed here. two approaches (frontal and parietal) are usedto insert ventriculoperitoneal shu...

meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, thereby involving the arachnoid, the pia and the cerebrospinal fluid (csf). it is divided into viral and bacterial meningitis. for different reasons the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is very important. the examination of csf samples may provide information about causative microorganism. the sensivity of ...

Metastatic spread of tumour cells detached from systemic tumours into the central nervous system occurs hematogenously since lymphatic drainage is absent in the brain. Little is known about the precise mechanisms of tumour cell attachment in the brain and local progression of micrometastasis into clinically symptomatic tumours or into lesions visible on modern imaging techniques, such as magnet...

PURPOSE It has been demonstrated that chick eye growth compensates for defocus imposed by spectacle lenses: the eye elongates in response to hyperopic defocus imposed by negative lenses and slows its elongation in response to myopic defocus imposed by positive lenses. We ask whether the synthesis of scleral extracellular matrix, specifically glycosaminoglycans, changes in parallel with the chan...

EDITORIAL Physiologically, one of the main functions of the choroids is to nourish (supply O 2 and glucose) the outermost layers of the retina (mainly photorecep-tors and RPE). However, the choroids seem to be perfused in a proportion which exceeds its supply needs, suggesting therefore an additional role explaining the high rate of choroidal flow. It is believed that this flow could aid in mai...

Dynamic-susceptibility-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, a popular perfusion imaging technique, records signal changes on images caused by the passage of contrast-agent particles in the human brain after a bolus injection of contrast agent. The temporal signal changes on different brain tissues characterize distinct blood supply patterns which are critical for the profound analysis of cerebr...

Klotho is an aging-suppression protein predominantly expressed in kidney, parathyroid glands, and choroids plexus of the brain. The extracellular domain of Klotho, a type-1 membrane protein, is secreted into urine and blood and may function as an endocrine or paracrine hormone. The functional role of Klotho in the kidney remains largely unknown. Recent studies reported that treatment by the ext...

Background: Shunting procedures specifically ventriculoperitoneal shunts are the main line of treatment for management of hydrocephalus despite available new techniques and systems of shunting. Associated complications should be recognized and managed properly,but the most recognized complications are shunt obstruction which its prevalence through surgical approach is discussed here. Two approa...

PURPOSE The purposes of this study were to describe choroidal findings observed using optical coherence tomography with enhanced depth imaging (EDI-OCT) in eyes with birdshot chorioretinitis (BSCR) and to test the hypothesis that these findings are related to participant demographics, clinical characteristics, and treatment. METHODS In a multicenter, cross-sectional study, 172 eyes of 86 indi...